DeFi & Account Abstraction

Staking, lending, swaps, and ERC-4337 explained.

SSP supports DeFi via ERC-4337 Account Abstraction on EVM chains. These articles explain what AA is, what dApps you can use safely from a multisig wallet, and how SSP keeps you in control while letting you participate in DeFi protocols.

Square cover showing token approval revocation in SSP: a clean allowance list and a 2-of-2 co-signature confirming the revoke transaction.

Revoking Token Approvals from SSP

How to revoke unused token approvals from SSP using a block explorer or revoke.cash, with a per-chain audit workflow your 2-of-2 wallet co-signs.

7 min read
Square cover for the SSP guide on ERC-20 token approvals and unlimited allowances

Token Approvals: The Permissions You Keep Granting

How ERC-20 approve() works, why unlimited allowances are risky, and what every dApp interaction quietly grants from your SSP wallet.

8 min read
Square illustration showing MEV sandwich attack pattern

MEV: Frontrunning, Sandwiching, and How to Protect Yourself

MEV explained for self-custody users: what frontrunning and sandwich attacks are, who is at risk, and the habits that reduce your exposure when swapping.

7 min read
Square illustration of a swap quote turning into a different final amount due to price impact and slippage.

Slippage and Price Impact, Explained

Why your swap settles at a different price than the quote, what slippage tolerance actually does, and how to think about it in SSP.

7 min read
SSP buy, sell, and swap flows above a 2-of-2 multisig wallet

Swapping Crypto from SSP: Buy, Sell, and Swap Explained

Buy, sell, and swap from SSP — how on-ramps, off-ramps, the in-wallet aggregator, and DEX dApps differ, while your 2-of-2 multisig signs every move.

7 min read
Square illustration of WalletConnect bridging SSP and a dApp with a co-signing prompt.

What Is WalletConnect and How It Works with SSP

WalletConnect explained for SSP users: how the protocol links your self-custody wallet to dApps while every signature still needs both SSP devices.

7 min read
Square cover for Account Abstraction Beyond Ethereum showing the SSP logo and amber smart-account icons

Account Abstraction Beyond Ethereum

How account abstraction spreads beyond Ethereum L1: ERC-4337 across EVM chains, and native AA on Starknet and zkSync Era.

7 min read
Square illustration of a paymaster paying gas while the user keeps control of their keys

Gas Sponsorship and Paymasters, Explained

What an ERC-4337 paymaster is, how gas sponsorship works, and why it changes who pays the fee without changing who custodies your funds.

8 min read
Square cover showing SSP's two-device 2-of-2 flow aggregating into a single ERC-4337 UserOperation

Inside SSP's Account Abstraction Architecture

How SSP runs 2-of-2 multisig on EVM chains: ERC-4337 smart account, two devices, and one Schnorr-aggregated signature the chain reads as ordinary.

7 min read
Square DEFI cover reading EOA vs Smart Account: The Differences That Matter, with the SSP logo and amber key and shield icons

EOA vs Smart Account: The Differences That Matter

EOA vs smart account, compared on the axes a self-custody user feels: control, recovery, gas, batching, signatures, and what SSP uses.

7 min read
SSP Academy square cover: Account Abstraction from First Principles

Account Abstraction from First Principles

Why Ethereum EOAs are limiting and how ERC-4337 account abstraction makes the account itself programmable — and how SSP uses it.

7 min read
Smart-contract wallet diagram with a UserOperation flowing through a bundler

What is account abstraction (ERC-4337)?

ERC-4337 lets your Ethereum wallet behave like a smart contract. Learn UserOperations, bundlers, paymasters — and how it relates to SSP multisig.

7 min read